Qhov thib ob theem ntawm distillation ntxiv purifies thiab concentrates lub distillate.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov dej ntshiab ethanol thiab dej, cov cawv tsawg muaj ntau cov cawv thiab cov roj ntshiab, feem ntau yog esters, aldehydes, furfural, thiab lwm yam sib xyaw ntawm hydrogen, oxygen, thiab carbon. Ntau pua ntawm cov tshuaj organic no tau txheeb xyuas hauv malt whisky, thiab cov kws tshuaj ntseeg tias muaj ntau pua tus ntxiv uas tseem tsis tau raug cais tawm. Lawv raug hu ua congeners lossis (hauv Tebchaws Meskas) congenerics. Txawm hais tias lawv suav tias yog impurities, lawv yog dab tsi muab malt whiskey nws txawv tsw thiab yog li tsis tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm tag nrho. Tus yuam sij yog kom raug tswj cov qib ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv seem distillate.
Cov cawv tsis huv yog distilled tawm thaum pib thiab xaus ntawm qhov thib ob distillation. Cov distillates thaum ntxov hu ua foreshots, thaum tom qab distillates hu ua feints los yog tom qab txhaj tshuaj. Tsuas yog nruab nrab distillate yog khaws cia, uas yog hu ua qhov txiav.
Lub ntsiab lus txiav yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab heev, vim tias muaj ntau yam tsis xav tau, lossis fusel alcohols, tuaj yeem ua rau cov distillate tsis zoo. Cov txuj ci ntawm lub distiller yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim ib tug distillate nrog ib tug siab txaus theem ntawm fusel alcohols kom paub meej lub cim tsw ntawm lub whisky.
Thaum qhov kub ntawm qhov tseem nce mus txog 84 degree (183 degree F), foreshots pib ntws. Yog tias lawv ntws ua ntej, nws feem ntau txhais tau hais tias yuav muaj cov kua dej cawv ntau dua tuaj. Vim lub foreshot muaj impurities, nws muaj ib tug siab cawv cov ntsiab lus thiab ib tug ntse, pungent tsw. Lub distiller ze saib lub foreshot ntws mus rau hauv lub "sab ntsuj plig zoo". Qhov no yog ib lub thawv nrog tooj liab rims thiab iav pem hauv ntej. Lub distiller kuaj qhov purity ntawm foreshot los ntawm kev ntxiv dej rau nws, uas yog hu ua "demisting test". Yog tias cov distillate dhau los ua huab tom qab ntxiv dej, nws tsis huv txaus. Lub distiller kuj siv lub hydrometer los ntsuas lub zog ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Ua ntej lub distillate yog tseeb, nws tso cai rau lub foreshot ntws mus rau hauv lub txais tank rau thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg tseem rau redistillation. Thaum lub distillate meej meej, lub distiller coj cov dej ntws tawm mus rau hauv lub thawv tuav los ntawm kev khiav dej num hauv lub siab. Qee qhov distilleries tshem tawm qhov kev sim hauv cov cawv nyab xeeb thiab hloov pauv thawj zaug distillate raws li lub sijhawm teev tseg.
Lub distiller txiav txim siab lub sijhawm ntawm kev txiav raws li "demisting point". Txawm li cas los xij, kev txiav tawm tshwm sim thaum cov ntsiab lus cawv ntawm tus ntsuj plig poob rau 72% mus rau 75% (ABV), uas feem ntau yuav siv sij hawm 15 mus rau 30 feeb. Raws li peb yuav pom, lub sijhawm ntawm kev txiav thawj zaug yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom kawg.
Thawj qhov dej ntws los ntawm qhov thib ob distillation yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev (tom qab impurities tau raug tshem tawm, tau kawg). Cov esters no muaj lub qab ntxiag, fruity aroma reminiscent ntawm pear khoom qab zib, txiv tsawb thiab sawv. Lawv yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv malt whisky, pab txhim kho tag nrho cov tsw ntawm whisky. Muaj tsawg kawg yog 100 txawv esters nyob rau hauv malt whiskey - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab tshuaj foundations yog isoamyl acetate thiab ethyl caprylate. Txog ib nrab ntawm qhov thib ob distillation, lwm pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab pib tawm ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Cov no yog "feints". Raws li cov distillation txuas ntxiv, cov feints tau nce siab thiab cov ntsiab lus ester txo qis.
Thaum pib, qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm distillate yog tshiab thiab zoo li biscuit, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws dhau los ua porridge-zoo li thiab maj mam tsim cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab, tom qab ntawd los ntawm luv luv zib mu aroma theem. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab no, qhov aroma ntawm distillate sai sai deteriorates thiab ua tsis kaj siab, xws li hws, fishy tsw thiab ntuav. Hauv cov ntsiab lus tshuaj, qhov pom zoo thaum ntxov ntawm cov nplej distillate yog nitrogen-muaj cov organic tebchaw, thaum tom qab distillate tsis tuaj yeem yog sulfur-muaj cov organic tebchaw. Cov tom kawg tuaj yeem muaj zog heev hauv kev siv tshuaj tsw qab (txawm tias nyob rau ntawm ib qho trillion tuaj yeem kuaj pom), thiab nws cov ntxhiab tsw feem ntau tau piav qhia tias yog sulfide, rubbery lossis eggy.
Raws li qhov concentration ntawm cov tailings nce, lub distiller yuav tsum tsis txhob sau cov whiskey ua ntej nws tsis hnov tsw, txawm tias cov cawv concentration tseem siab. Qhov no yog qhov kawg ntawm qhov txiav taw tes, thiab lub sijhawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tag nrho qhov tsw ntawm whisky, vim qee qhov hnyav tailings tau tshwm sim. Qhov ntev ntawm lub distiller yuav siv sij hawm ua ntej nres qhov sau, lub richer lub tailings tsw thiab lub fuller lub cev ntawm lub whisky; tab sis yog hais tias lub whiskey raug txiav ntxov dhau lawm, lub whiskey yuav tsis qhia cov yam ntxwv tsw nws yuav tsum muaj.
Distillers feem ntau nruj-lipped txog ABV uas lawv tsis txhob khaws whisky.
Ib txhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Speyside, uas nrhiav ib tug sib zog style ntawm whisky, yuav txiav mus txog rau 69% ABV, thaum lwm tus neeg nrhiav ib tug hnyav dua tsw yuav txo mus rau 60%. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov kev txiav txim siab no yog qee zaum ua los ntawm tus accountants es tsis yog cov kws ua txuj ci uas siv zog ua tau zoo.
Qhov thib peb tseem ceeb pab pawg neeg aromatic nyob rau hauv malt whiskey yog phenolic tebchaw. Peb twb tau tham txog lawv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv peat. Phenolic tebchaw feem ntau pib tshwm nyob rau hauv lub distillate txog ib feem peb ntawm txoj kev los ntawm kev txiav, tab sis tsis zoo li lwm yam ob yam tseem ceeb aromatic chav kawm ntawv, lawv cov concentrations tsis sawv los yog poob ho. Qee lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws qib whiskey los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov sib npaug ntawm esters, tail distillates, thiab phenolic tebchaw.
Raws li cov txheej txheem distillation txuas ntxiv, qhov kub ntawm qhov tseem nce mus rau 100 degree (212 degree F), qhov kub ntawm qhov de-alcoholised low wines.
Qhov ceev ntawm qhov tseem khiav cuam tshuam rau purity thiab tsw ntawm caw. Yog tias tseem khiav nrawm dhau, cov tailings yuav maj mus rau hauv qhov tseem nrawm heev, ua rau nws hnyav, pungent tsw. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj zog estery aroma nyob rau hauv lub tseem yog feem ntau ib tug kos npe rau hais tias lub tseem khiav ceev heev. Qee qhov tseem muaj cov ntsuas ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas uas tau hloov pauv cov pa kom ntseeg tau tias cov cawv tau ntws tawm ntawm qhov xav tau ruaj khov, uas feem ntau nws txawv ntawm 9 txog 23 nkas loos (41 txog 104 litres) ib feeb. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj kom cia qhov tseem "so" rau ib ntus ua ntej hloov qhov tseem tab tom khiav, vim tias qhov so zoo tseem yuav tsim cov cawv txiv hmab sib zog.
Qhov dav ntawm qhov txiav-ntau npaum li cas ntawm qhov tseem thiab cov tails yog khaws cia-muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau qhov tsw ntawm cov khoom kawg. Tom qab ib feem ntawm qhov thib ob distillation yog nkag mus rau hauv qhov tseem thiab tails tso tsheb hlau luam nrog rau cov ntu ua ntej rau distillation dua. Qhov tseem khiav mus txog thaum cov cawv concentration ntawm qhov tseem poob mus rau 1% ABV, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd cov kua seem, hu ua "siv lees," raug muab pov tseg. Tag nrho cov tails thiab ntsuj plig los ntawm qhov thib ob distillation yog kwv yees li ib feem kaum ob mus rau ib feem kaum peb lub ntim ntawm thawj fermented kua nyob rau hauv tseem.
Hauv kev tsim cov cawv, tus naj npawb ntawm cov distillation feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov xav tau qhov profile thiab cov kab ke ntawm thaj av uas nws tsim.
Cov distillation feem ntau yog ob npaug thiab triple, thiab txoj kev twg yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj yog nyob ntawm cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb thiab cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ua.
Feem ntau ib leeg malt Scotch whiskeys yog distilled ob zaug. Qhov no pab khaws ntau qhov tsw thiab qhov nyuaj hauv whisky. Qhov zoo ntawm ob chav distillation muaj xws li:
Khaws cov tshuaj tsw qab ntau dua
Ob chav distillation tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov khoom tsis tsim nyog (xws li methanol thiab lwm yam khoom tsis haum) thaum khaws ntau cov khoom tsw xws li cov tshuaj tsw qab esters thiab phenols, ua rau cov cawv txiv hmab nplua nuj, tag nrho lub cev, thiab nrog ib qho tshwj xeeb malt aroma.
Muaj zog tsw
Cov cawv uas tau txais los ntawm ob chav distillation feem ntau yog hnyav dua thiab muaj lub cev puv, haum rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas xav kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv, peat haus luam yeeb lossis ntoo qhib lub thoob hauv lawv cov cawv.
Tus nqi qis dua
Piv rau triple distillation, ob chav distillation yog cov txheej txheem tsis tshua kim vim nws txo lub sij hawm distillation thiab siv zog.
Triple distillation feem ntau yog siv rau Irish Whiskey. Piv txwv li, nto moo Irish distilleries xws li Midleton thiab Bushmills feem ntau siv txoj kev no. Triple distilled cawv feem ntau muaj qhov pom tseeb thiab sib dua. Nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb suav nrog:
Lighter thiab smoother
Triple distillation tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntau impurities, ua rau cov cawv txiv hmab softer thiab smoother, nrog sib dua fruity thiab floral aromas, yog li nws yog feem ntau piav raws li ntau "huv" thiab "ilv".
Txo qhov hnyav saj
Lub siab purity ntawm triple distillation txhais tau hais tias cov cawv muaj yuav luag tsis muaj cov khoom uas yuav ua rau cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhib los yog pungent tsw, xws li qee qhov hnyav phenols lossis sulfides.
Zoo meej rau cov hluas whiskey
Vim tias triple-distilled whiskey yog purer, nws yooj yim dua kom ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm laus, uas ua rau triple distillation tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim rau cov hluas whiskey.
Raws li rau ib qho distillation thiab ntau distillation, nws yog tsawg heev. Txawm li cas los xij, qee thaj chaw (xws li Tebchaws Meskas tsim cov pob kws whiskey) yuav siv ib qho distillation, uas khaws cov qoob loo qub thiab fermentation flavors. Qee qhov kev sim lossis tshwj xeeb whiskeys yuav raug distilled ntau zaus (ntau tshaj peb zaug) kom tau txais lub teeb tsw heev, tab sis qhov no feem ntau yog qhov tsis tshua muaj kev zam.
Tus naj npawb ntawm distillation tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov tsw concentration, complexity, thiab smoothness ntawm rum.
Ob chav distillation yog haum rau rum nrog ib tug muaj zog tsw, thaum triple distillation yog ntau haum rau ib tug refreshing saj. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li Mr. Guan Xianglin qhov kev paub dhau los hauv brewing thiab distilling ntau pua zaus hauv rau xyoo dhau los, nws pom tias qhov kev xaiv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm distillation kuj nyob ntawm cov khoom xws li raw cov ntaub ntawv, kub tswj thaum lub sij hawm brewing, thiab tus tsim ntawm lub distiller (xws li cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm lub lauj kaub distiller). Yog li ntawd, Gaoligong Roob series ntawm rum tau txiav txim siab thaum kawg yuav tsum tau muab faib ua peb zaug, uas yog, peb qhov tseeb distillation tau ua tiav siv lub lauj kaub tooj liab ntauwd distiller kom tau txais qhov kawg tsw ntau haiv neeg, peb-seem aromatic txheej, lub teeb thiab maj mam lub cev, thiab ib tug du thiab meej saj. Qhov no yog thawj lub zos ua liaj ua teb rum .
Raws li rau "txiav point", nws kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws "technology".
Yog hais tias lub foreshots ("fore-distillates" hais los saum toj no) raug txiav ntxov dhau lawm, tag nrho cov fusel alcohols, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov fusel alcohols uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg lub cev, yuav muab sib xyaw rau hauv, uas tej zaum yuav tsis lav kev ruaj ntseg ntawm rum rau lub cev. tib neeg lub cev thiab lub siab ntshiab. Ntau lub chaw tsim khoom lag luam tsis kam muab pov tseg cov ntawv pov thawj, xav tias nws yog kev hlub rau muab pov tseg vim nws "muaj cawv ntau". Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis paub tias cov ntawv pov thawj zoo li no muaj ntau cov tshuaj methanol thiab lwm cov khoom xyaw uas tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tails (cov "feints" hais saum toj no) tsis tuaj yeem txiav lig dhau lawm. Feem ntau, cov tails yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv hnyav fusel cawv thiab phenolic tebchaw, xws li thiols, phenols, nitrogen-muaj thiab sulfur-muaj compounds. Yog tias muaj ntau ntawm cov khoom xyaw no, qhov tsw ntawm rum yuav dhau los ua pungent, ntxhib thiab txawm tias muaj ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab (xws li cov khoom noj npua, roj hmab, qaub tsw, qe lwj lossis hws tsw tsw). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zoo ntawm cov tails tuaj yeem ntxiv cov suab thaj ua kom zoo nkauj los yog lub cev hnyav rau rum, yog li nws cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau tswj kom meej.
Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug noj qab nyob zoo thiab qab rum muaj txaus ethanol thiab ntau yam tshuaj uas muab nws ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw. Cov cawv nyob rau theem no muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, paj, thiab ntoo aromas ntawm aromatic esters, raws li zoo raws li tus thawj tsw ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis nws tsis muaj zog heev, muaj lub teeb saj, thiab ua rau tib neeg xav tias zoo kawg nkaus thiab qab ntxiag heev tom qab. haus.
Nyob rau hauv dav dav, "yuav ua li cas txiav lub cawu cub" txiav txim siab cov kev taw qhia thiab zoo ntawm qhov kawg tsw ntawm rum. Nws pom qhov sib npaug me me ntawm kev tshem tawm impurities thiab khaws cov tshuaj tsw qab, kom ntseeg tau tias rum muaj ob qho tib si lub cev zoo tagnrho thiab tsw nyuaj yam tsis tau nqa ntau qhov ntxhib thiab pungent impurity tsw. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus txiav yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem distillation, thiab nws tseem yog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb los txiav txim seb cov rum puas tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev xav tau thiab zoo.
